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FRP系统的使用本文件是指由纤维和树脂以特定方式组合并通过特定方法安装而成的商用FRP系统。这些系统是通过材料表征和结构测试开发的。未经测试的纤维和树脂组合可能会导致意想不到的性能范围以及潜在的材料不相容性。考虑使用的任何FRP系统应具有足够的测试数据，以证明整个系统在类似应用中的充分性能，包括其安装方法。ACI 440.8提供了使用湿铺工艺制造的单向碳纤维和玻璃纤维增强塑料材料的规范。建议使用通过材料表征和结构测试开发的FRP系统，包括有充分文件证明的专有系统。应避免使用未经测试的纤维和树脂组合。包括ASTM、ACI、ICRI和ICC在内的多个组织制定了一套完整的FRP系统测试标准和指南。1.1.2可持续性FRP材料的可持续性可考虑环境、经济和社会目标进行评估。不仅应在整个施工阶段，还应在结构的维护和保存以及寿命结束阶段的整个使用寿命中考虑这些因素。这是可持续性生命周期方法的基础（Menna等人，2013）。生命周期评估（LCA）考虑产品的环境影响，从原材料提取开始，然后是生产、分配、运输、安装、使用和寿命结束。FRP复合材料的LCA取决于产品和市场应用，结果各不相同。用于加固混凝土构件的FRP复合材料可以同时使用碳纤维和玻璃纤维，它们分别来自化石燃料或矿物，因此对原材料提取有影响。
尽管碳纤维和玻璃纤维具有与生产相关的高体现能量，分别约为86000 Btu/lb和8600 Btu/lb（200和20 mJ/kg）（Howarth等人，2014年），但生产和使用的总重量比钢（体现能量为5600 Btu/lb[13 mJ/kg]）、混凝土（430 Btu/lb[1 mJ/kg）、，和钢筋（3870 Btu/lb[9 mJ/kg]）（Griffin和Hsu 2010）。虽然与传统建筑材料相比，树脂和粘合剂系统的能量和潜在环境影响的使用量也很小，但研究较少。在分配和运输过程中，FRP复合材料的重量较轻，运输冲击较小，材料搬运更方便，安装过程中设备更小。就安装和使用而言，FRP复合材料具有更长的使用寿命，因为它们比传统材料更耐用，需要更少的维护。FRP复合材料的寿命终点选择更为复杂。尽管目前回收的FRP复合材料不到1%，但复合材料可以通过多种方式回收，包括机械研磨、焚烧和化学分离（Howarth等人，2014）。然而，很难将材料、纤维和树脂分离，而不会导致再生材料的降解。美国混凝土协会–版权所有©材料–www.Concrete。org 4加固混凝土结构的外部粘结FRP系统（ACI 440.2R-17）回收复合材料的市场很小，尽管飞机制造商特别考虑在飞机生命周期结束时回收和再利用复合材料的方法和程序。除玻璃钢材料和系统外，它们在维修和改造可能退役或拆除的结构中的使用具有内在的可持续性。在许多情况下，FRP复合材料允许延长现有基础设施的使用寿命或提高其安全性或性能，而货币和环境成本仅为更换的一小部分。此外，由于FRP复合材料的高比强度和刚度，与水泥基或金属基修复相比，基于FRP的现有混凝土结构修复通常是一种能耗较低的选择。
Use of FRP system This document refers to a commercial FRP system composed of fibers and resins in a specific way and installed by a specific method. These systems were developed through material characterization and structural testing. Untested fiber and resin combinations can lead to unexpected performance ranges and potential material incompatibilities. Any FRP system considered for use should have sufficient test data to demonstrate the full performance of the entire system in similar applications, including its installation methods. ACI 440.8 provides specifications for unidirectional carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced plastic materials manufactured using the wet laying process. It is recommended to use FRP systems developed through material characterization and structural testing, including proprietary systems that are fully documented. Untested fiber and resin combinations should be avoided. Several organizations, including ASTM, ACI, ICRI and ICC, have developed a complete set of FRP system testing standards and guidelines. 1.1.2 The sustainability of sustainable FRP materials can be assessed by considering environmental, economic and social objectives. These factors should be considered not only in the whole construction phase, but also in the maintenance and preservation of the structure and the whole service life at the end of its life. This is the basis of the sustainable life cycle approach (Menna et al., 2013). Life cycle assessment (LCA) considers the environmental impact of products, starting from the extraction of raw materials, then production, distribution, transportation, installation, use and end of life. LCA of FRP composite depends on product and market application, and the results are different. FRP composites used to strengthen concrete members can use carbon fiber and glass fiber at the same time, which are respectively from fossil fuels or minerals, so they have an impact on the extraction of raw materials.
Although carbon fiber and glass fiber have high embodied energy related to production, about 86000 Btu/lb and 8600 Btu/lb (200 and 20 mJ/kg), respectively (Howarth et al., 2014), the total weight ratio produced and used is steel (5600 Btu/lb [13 mJ/kg] embodied energy), concrete (430 Btu/lb [1 mJ/kg),, and rebar (3870 Btu/lb [9 mJ/kg]) (Griffin and Hsu 2010). Although compared with traditional building materials, the use of energy and potential environmental impact of resin and adhesive systems is also very small, but there are few studies. In the process of distribution and transportation, FRP composite materials are lighter, with less transportation impact, more convenient material handling, and smaller equipment during installation. In terms of installation and use, FRP composites have a longer service life because they are more durable than traditional materials and require less maintenance. The end point selection of FRP composite is more complicated. Although less than 1% of FRP composites are currently recycled, composites can be recycled in a variety of ways, including mechanical grinding, incineration and chemical separation (Howarth et al., 2014). However, it is difficult to separate materials, fibers and resins without causing degradation of recycled materials. American Concrete Institute – All rights reserved © Materials – www Concrete。 org 4 The market for recycled composites for externally bonded FRP systems (ACI 440.2R-17) for strengthening concrete structures is small, although aircraft manufacturers specifically consider methods and procedures for recycling and reusing composites at the end of the aircraft life cycle. In addition to FRP materials and systems, their use in the maintenance and reconstruction of structures that may be decommissioned or dismantled is inherently sustainable. In many cases, FRP composites allow to extend the service life of existing infrastructure or improve its safety or performance, while the monetary and environmental costs are only a fraction of the replacement. In addition, due to the high specific strength and stiffness of FRP composites, compared with cement-based or metal based repair, FRP based repair of existing concrete structures is usually a lower energy consumption option.
