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Honeywell 51405046-175控制器模块
受限接地故障保护低阻抗REFPDIF限制接地故障保护，低阻抗功能（REFPDIF）可用于所有直接或低阻抗接地绕组。REFPDIF功能提供高灵敏度和高速跳闸，因为它分别保护每个绕组，因此不需要浪涌稳定。低阻抗函数是带有附加零序电流方向比较准则的百分比偏置函数。这在贯穿故障期间提供了极好的灵敏度和稳定性。REFPDIF还可以保护自耦变压器。在这种情况下，必须使用负序电流方向比较。自耦变压器最典型和最复杂的配置如图8所示。在图8所述的情况下测量五个电流。阻抗保护全方案距离测量，Mho特性ZMHPDIS。数字Mho线路距离保护是一种四区全方案保护，用于短路和接地故障的后备检测。这四个区域具有完全独立的测量和设置，为所有类型的线路提供了高度灵活性。该功能可用作变压器和发电机的欠阻抗后备保护。Mho特性的定向阻抗元件ZDMRDIR相接地阻抗元件可选择性地由相位非选择性定向功能（相位非选择性，因为它基于对称元件）监督。
极滑保护PSPPPAM
发电机极滑的情况可能由不同的原因引起。发电机附近的外部电网可能会短路。如果故障清除时间过长，发电机将加速过多，无法保持同步。无阻尼振荡发生在电力系统中，不同位置的发电机组相互振荡。如果发电机之间的连接太弱，振荡幅度将增加，直到失去角稳定性。极滑发电机的运行会给发电机、轴和涡轮机带来损坏的风险。•每次磁极滑动时，都会对发电机涡轮轴产生重大扭矩影响。•在异步操作中，通常不带电流的发电机部分会感应电流，从而导致加热增加。其后果可能是绝缘和定子/转子铁件受损。极滑保护（PSPPPAM）功能应检测极滑情况，如果测得的阻抗轨迹在发电机变压器块内，应尽快使发电机跳闸。如果磁极滑移中心在电网外部，则在线路保护动作后，应首先将电网分成两部分。如果此操作失败，则应在2区运行发电机PSPPPAM，以防止对发电机、轴和汽轮机造成进一步损坏同步电机的欠励磁操作有限制。励磁电流的减小削弱了转子和定子之间的耦合。机器可能会失去同步，开始像感应电机一样运行。然后，无功功率消耗将增加。即使机器没有失去同步，也可能无法在这种状态下长时间运行。减少励磁会增加同步电机端部的发热。局部加热可能损坏定子绕组和铁芯的绝缘。为防止损坏发电机，应在失磁时跳闸。
Restricted earth-fault protection
low impedance REFPDIF Restricted earth-fault protection, low-impedance function (REFPDIF) can be used on all directly or low-impedance earthed windings. The REFPDIF function provides high sensitivity and high speed tripping as it protects each winding separately and thus does not need inrush stabilization. The low-impedance function is a percentage biased function with an additional zero sequence current directional comparison criterion. This gives excellent sensitivity and stability during through faults. REFPDIF can also protect autotransformers. In this case, the negative sequence current directional comparison must be used. The most typical and the most complicated configuration of an autotransformer is shown in figure 8. Five currents are measured in the case illustrated in figure 8.Impedance protection Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS The numerical mho line distance protection is a four zone full scheme protection for back-up detection of short circuit and earth faults. The four zones have fully independent measuring and settings, which gives high flexibility for all types of lines. The function can be used as under impedance back-up protection for transformers and generators. Directional impedance element for Mho characteristic ZDMRDIR The phase-to-earth impedance elements can be optionally supervised by a phase unselective directional function (phase unselective, because it is based on symmetrical components).
Pole slip protection PSPPPAM
The situation with pole slip of a generator can be caused by different reasons. A short circuit may occur in the external power grid, close to the generator. If the fault clearing time is too long, the generator will accelerate so much, that the synchronism cannot be maintained. Un-damped oscillations occur in the power system, where generator groups at different locations, oscillate against each other. If the connection between the generators is too weak the magnitude of the oscillations will increase until the angular stability is lost. The operation of a generator having pole slip will give risk of damages to the generator, shaft and turbine. • At each pole slip there will be significant torque impact on the generator-turbine shaft. • In asynchronous operation there will be induction of currents in parts of the generator normally not carrying current, thus resulting in increased heating. The consequence can be damages on insulation and stator/ rotor iron. The Pole slip protection (PSPPPAM) function shall detect pole slip conditions and trip the generator as fast as possible if the locus of the measured impedance is inside the generatortransformer block. If the centre of pole slip is outside in the power grid, the first action should be to split the network into two parts, after line protection action. If this fails there should be operation of the generator PSPPPAM in zone 2, to prevent further damages to the generator, shaft and turbine There are limits for the under-excited operation of a synchronous machine. A reduction of the excitation current weakens the coupling between the rotor and the stator. The machine may lose the synchronism and start to operate like an induction machine. Then, the reactive power consumption will increase. Even if the machine does not loose synchronism it may not be acceptable to operate in this state for a long time. Reduction of excitation increases the generation of heat in the end region of the synchronous machine. The local heating may damage the insulation of the stator winding and the iron core.To prevent damages to the generator it should be tripped when excitation is lost.
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